Elektrizitat,,R.,uludagbursa.com,Becker,,Electrical,Language,,German,Books, Movies Music\ , Books\ , Science Math Books,Theorie,/Mojo242852.html,Der,$40 Theorie Der Elektrizitat R. OFFicial German Language Electrical Becker $40 Theorie Der Elektrizitat, R. Becker, German Language, Electrical Books, Movies Music\ Books\ Science Math Books $40 Theorie Der Elektrizitat, R. Becker, German Language, Electrical Books, Movies Music\ Books\ Science Math Books Theorie Der Elektrizitat R. OFFicial German Language Electrical Becker Elektrizitat,,R.,uludagbursa.com,Becker,,Electrical,Language,,German,Books, Movies Music\ , Books\ , Science Math Books,Theorie,/Mojo242852.html,Der,$40
Theorie Der Elektrizitat, R. Becker, German Language, Electrical
$40
Theorie Der Elektrizitat, R. Becker, German Language, Electrical
Theorie Der Elektrizitat, German Language, Electrical Theory Books, 1933, 1941
Verla Gund Druck Von B. G. Teubner Theorie Der Elektrizität Von R. Becker O. Professor an Der Technischen Hochschule Berlin Band I Einführung in Die Maxwellsche Theorie Der Elektrizität Mit Einem Einleitenden Abschnitte über Das Rechnen Mit Vektorgrössen in Der Physik Elfte Auflage Mit 59 Figuren Im Text I 94 I
-AND-
Verlag Und Druck Von B. G. Teubner Theorie Der Elektriziτατ Von R. Becker O.professor an Der Technischen Hochschule Berlin Band II Εlekκ Troνεντheor Ie Sechste Vollständig Neubearbeitete Auflage Mit 86 Figuren Im Text 1933
GERMAN LANGUAGE SCARCE
Publisher: Verlag Und Druck Von B. G. Teubner Copyright: 1933/1941
--CONDITION-- These books are in good condition. Softcover. Two volumes. German language books on electrical theory with formulas. Boards are worn along edges and corners. Hinges tight. Binding sturdy. Text block is moisture stained. Please see pictures. B
--ABOUT THIS ITEM--
Introduction Into the Maxwell#39;s Theory of Electricity With an Introductory Section About That Calculating With Vector Sizes in Physics
Item Dimensions: 9.0 inches x 6.5 inches
LOC BRN B1 SH4
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Theorie Der Elektrizitat, R. Becker, German Language, Electrical
Antoine Guillemot, Alec van Herwijnen, Eric Larose, Stephanie Mayer, and Laurent Baillet
The Cryosphere, 15, 5805–5817, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5805-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5805-2021, 2021
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Ambient noise correlation is a broadly used method in seismology to monitor tiny changes in subsurface properties. Some environmental forcings may influence this method, including snow. During one winter season, we studied this snow effect on seismic velocity of the medium, recorded by a pair of seismic sensors. We detected and modeled a measurable effect during early snowfalls: the fresh new snow layer modifies rigidity and density of the medium, thus decreasing the recorded seismic velocity.
Vincenzo Capozzi, Carmela De Vivo, and Giorgio Budillon
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-363,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-363, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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This work documents the snowfall variability observed from late XIX century to recent years in Montevergine (Southern Apennines) and discuss its relationship with large-scale atmospheric circulation. The main results lie in the absence of a trend until mid-1970s and in the strong reduction of the snowfall quantity from mid-1970s to 1990s. Montevergine data offer a unique opportunity to investigate meteorological and climatological features of the mountainous environment prior to the 1950s.
Nicolas Guillaume Alexandre Mokus and Fabien Montiel
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-391,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-391, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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On the fringes of polar oceans, sea ice is easily broken by waves. As small pieces of ice, or floes, are more easily melted by the warming waters than a continuous ice cover, it is important to incorporate these floe sizes in climate models. These models simulate climate evolution at the century scale and are built by combining specialised modules. We study the statistical distribution of floe sizes under the impact of waves to better understand how to connect sea ice modules to wave modules.
Peter A. Tuckett, Jeremy C. Ely, Andrew J. Sole, James M. Lea, Stephen J. Livingstone, Julie M. Jones, and J. Melchior van Wessem
The Cryosphere, 15, 5785–5804, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5785-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5785-2021, 2021
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Lakes form on the surface of the Antarctic Ice Sheet during the summer. These lakes can generate further melt, break up floating ice shelves and alter ice dynamics. Here, we describe a new automated method for mapping surface lakes and apply our technique to the Amery Ice Shelf between 2005 and 2020. Lake area is highly variable between years, driven by large-scale climate patterns. This technique will help us understand the role of Antarctic surface lakes in our warming world.
Weilin Yang, Yingkui Li, Gengnian Liu, and Wenchao Chu
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-352,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-352, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Four glacial substages exist in Bhutanese Himalaya during LIA. The number of glacial substages has a negative correlation with the glacier length, suggesting the number and occurrence of glacial substages are regulated by the heterogeneous responses of glaciers to climate change. In addition, the analysis of monthly glacier surface mass balance suggests that the decreasing summer temperature dominants the LIA glacier fluctuations in BH.
Marcel Stefko, Silvan Leinss, Othmar Frey, and Irena Hajnsek
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-358,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-358, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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The coherent backscatter opposition effect can enhance the intensity of radar backscatter from dry snow by up to a factor of two. Despite widespread use of radar backscatter data by snow scientists, this effect has received notably little attention. For the first time, we characterize this effect for the Earth's snow cover with bistatic radar experiments from ground and from space. We are also able to retrieve scattering and absorbing lengths of snow at Ku- and X-band frequencies.
Joanne S. Johnson, Ryan A. Venturelli, Greg Balco, Claire S. Allen, Scott Braddock, Seth Campbell, Brent M. Goehring, Brenda L. Hall, Peter D. Neff, Keir A. Nichols, Dylan H. Rood, Elizabeth R. Thomas, and John Woodward
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-360,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-360, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Recent studies have suggested that some portions of the Antarctic Ice Sheet were less extensive than present in the last few thousand years. We discuss how past ice loss and regrowth during this time would leave its mark on geological and glaciological records and suggest ways in which future studies could detect such changes. Determining timing of ice loss and gain around Antarctica and conditions under which they occurred is critical for preparing for future climate warming-induced changes.
Frank Paul, Livia Piermattei, Désirée Treichler, Lin Gilbert, Luc Girod, Andreas Kääb, Ludivine Libert, Thomas Nagler, Tazio Strozzi, and Jan Wuite
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-370,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-370, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Glacier surges are widespread in the Karakoram and have been intensely studied using satellite data and DEMs. In this study, we use time series of such datasets to study three glacier surges in the same region of the Karakoram. We found strongly contrasting advance rates/flow velocities, maximum velocities of 30 m/d and a change of the surge mechanism during a surge. A sensor comparison revealed good agreement, but steep terrain and the two smaller glaciers caused limitations for some of them.
Antony Siahaan, Robin Smith, Paul Holland, Adrian Jenkins, Jonathan M. Gregory, Victoria Lee, Pierre Mathiot, Tony Payne, Jeff Ridley, and Colin Jones
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-371,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-371, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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UKESM is the first Earth system model to fully include interactions of the atmosphere and ocean with the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Under low greenhouse-gas scenario, the ice sheet remains stable over the 21st century. Under strong greenhouse-gas scenario, the model predicts strong increases in melting of large ice shelves and strong snow accumulation on the surface. The dominance of accumulation leads to a sea level fall at the end of the century.
The Cryosphere, 15, 5765–5783, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5765-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5765-2021, 2021
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There is a widespread controversy on the existence of the elevation-dependent warming (EDW) phenomenon due to the limited observations in high mountains. This study provides new evidence of EDW from the Chinese Tian Shan based on a high-resolution (1 km, 6-hourly) air temperature dataset. The result reveals the significant EDW on a monthly scale. The warming rate of the minimum temperature in winter showed a significant elevation dependence (p
Maria Zeitz, Ronja Reese, Johanna Beckmann, Uta Krebs-Kanzow, and Ricarda Winkelmann
The Cryosphere, 15, 5739–5764, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5739-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5739-2021, 2021
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With the increasing melt of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which contributes to sea level rise, the surface of the ice darkens. The dark surfaces absorb more radiation and thus experience increased melt, resulting in the melt–albedo feedback. Using a simple surface melt model, we estimate that this positive feedback contributes to an additional 60 % ice loss in a high-warming scenario and additional 90 % ice loss for moderate warming. Albedo changes are important for Greenland’s future ice loss.
Nicolas Stoll, Jan Eichler, Maria Hörhold, Tobias Erhardt, Camilla Jensen, and Ilka Weikusat
The Cryosphere, 15, 5717–5737, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5717-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5717-2021, 2021
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We did a systematic analysis of the location of inclusions in the EGRIP ice core, the first ice core from an ice stream. We combine this with crystal orientation and grain size data, enabling the first overview about the microstructure of this unique ice core. Micro-inclusions show a strong spatial variability and patterns (clusters or horizontal layers); roughly one-third is located at grain boundaries. More holistic approaches are needed to understand deformation processes in the ice better.
Atanas Ivanov Kisyov, Christian Veselinov Tzankov, and Gergana Dimitrova Georgieva
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-337,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-337, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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The southernmost microglacier in Europe is Snezhnika in Pirin Mountain Bulgaria. We have used geophysical measurements to investigate its thickness and internal structure. While its size is well monitored since more than 20 years, the estimations of its thickness is poor. This motivated us to conduct the research. Perennial snow patches and microglaciers are considered as indicators of permafrost occurrence, although no evidence for permafrost existence in Bulgaria was published until our paper.
Yijing Lin, Yan Liu, Zhitong Yu, Xiao Cheng, Qiang Shen, and Liyun Zhao
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-325,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-325, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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We introduce an uncertainty analysis framework for comprehensively and systematically quantifying the uncertainties of the Antarctic mass balance using the Input and Output Method. It is difficult to use the previous strategies employed in various methods and the available data to achieve the goal of estimation accuracy. The dominant cause of the future uncertainty is the ice thickness data gap. The interannual variability of ice discharge caused by velocity and thickness is also nonnegligible.
Anna Derkacheva, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Jeremie Mouginot, Eliot Jager, Nathan Maier, and Samuel Cook
The Cryosphere, 15, 5675–5704, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5675-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5675-2021, 2021
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Along the edges of the Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt lubricates the bed and causes large seasonal fluctuations in ice speeds during summer. Accurately understanding how these ice speed changes occur is difficult due to the inaccessibility of the glacier bed. We show that by using surface velocity maps with high temporal resolution and numerical modelling we can infer the basal conditions that control seasonal fluctuations in ice speed and gain insight into seasonal dynamics over large areas.
Andy Aschwanden, Timothy C. Bartholomaus, Douglas J. Brinkerhoff, and Martin Truffer
The Cryosphere, 15, 5705–5715, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5705-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5705-2021, 2021
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Estimating how much ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica will contribute to sea level rise is of critical societal importance. However, our analysis shows that recent efforts are not trustworthy because the models fail at reproducing contemporary ice melt. Here we present a roadmap towards making more credible estimates of ice sheet melt.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-359,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-359, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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We introduce a new method for mapping changes in the snow water-equivalent (SWE) of dry snow based on differences between time-repeated synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. It correlates phase differences with variations in the topographic slope which allows the method to work without any ‘reference’ targets within the imaged area and without having to numerically ‘unwrap’ the spatial phase maps. This overcomes the key challenges faced in using SAR interferometry for SWE change mapping.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-346,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-346, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Ice ridges form to a compressing ice cover. From above they show as walls up to few meters in height and extending even kilometres across the ice. Below they may reach tens of meters under sea surface. Ridges should be observed for the purposes of ice forecasting and ice information production. This relies mostly on ridging signatures discernible in radar satellite (SAR) images. New methods to quantify ridging from SAR have been developed and shown to agree with field observations.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-368,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-368, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Arctic sea ice has a distribution of ice sizes which provides insight into the physics of the ice. We examine this distribution from satellite imagery from 1999 to 2014 in the Canada Basin. We find that it appears as a power-law whose power decreases with increasing ice concentrations, and has a seasonality tied to that of ice concentration. These results suggest ice concentration be considered in models of this distribution and are important for understanding sea ice in a warming Arctic.
Adrien Wehrlé, Martin P. Lüthi, Andrea Walter, Guillaume Jouvet, and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 15, 5659–5674, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5659-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5659-2021, 2021
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We developed a novel automated method for the detection and the quantification of ocean waves generated by glacier calving. This method was applied to data recorded with a terrestrial radar interferometer at Eqip Sermia, Greenland. Results show a high calving activity at the glacier front sector ending in deep water linked with more frequent meltwater plumes. This suggests that rising subglacial meltwater plumes strongly affect glacier calving in deep water, but weakly in shallow water.
Zhongyang Hu, Peter Kuipers Munneke, Stef Lhermitte, Maaike Izeboud, and Michiel van den Broeke
The Cryosphere, 15, 5639–5658, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5639-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5639-2021, 2021
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Antarctica is shrinking, and part of the mass loss is caused by higher temperatures leading to more snowmelt. We use computer models to estimate the amount of melt, but this can be inaccurate – specifically in the areas with the most melt. This is because the model cannot account for small, darker areas like rocks or darker ice. Thus, we trained a computer using artificial intelligence and satellite images that showed these darker areas. The model computed an improved estimate of melt.
The Cryosphere, 15, 5623–5638, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5623-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5623-2021, 2021
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We propose a generalized form for the damage parameterization such that super-critical stresses can return to the yield with different final sub-critical stress states. In uniaxial compression simulations, the generalization improves the orientation of sea ice fractures and reduces the growth of numerical errors. Shear and convergence deformations however remain predominant along the fractures, contrary to observations, and this calls for modification of the post-fracture viscosity formulation.
Jan Bouke Pronk, Tobias Bolch, Owen King, Bert Wouters, and Douglas I. Benn
The Cryosphere, 15, 5577–5599, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5577-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5577-2021, 2021
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About 10 % of Himalayan glaciers flow directly into lakes. This study finds, using satellite imagery, that such glaciers show higher flow velocities than glaciers without ice–lake contact. In particular near the glacier tongue the impact of a lake on the glacier flow can be dramatic. The development of current and new meltwater bodies will influence the flow of an increasing number of Himalayan glaciers in the future, a scenario not currently considered in regional ice loss projections.
Florent Garnier, Sara Fleury, Gilles Garric, Jérôme Bouffard, Michel Tsamados, Antoine Laforge, Marion Bocquet, Renée Mie Fredensborg Hansen, and Frédérique Remy
The Cryosphere, 15, 5483–5512, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5483-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5483-2021, 2021
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Snow depth data are essential to monitor the impacts of climate change on sea ice volume variations and their impacts on the climate system. For that purpose, we present and assess the altimetric snow depth product, computed in both hemispheres from CryoSat-2 and SARAL satellite data. The use of these data instead of the common climatology reduces the sea ice thickness by about 30 cm over the 2013–2019 period. These data are also crucial to argue for the launch of the CRISTAL satellite mission.
Reza Zeinali-Torbati, Ian D. Turnbull, Rocky S. Taylor, and Derek Mueller
The Cryosphere, 15, 5601–5621, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5601-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5601-2021, 2021
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Using the reanalysis datasets and the Canadian Ice Island Drift, Deterioration and Detection database, a probabilistic model was developed to quantify ice island fracture probability under various atmospheric and oceanic conditions. The model identified water temperature as the most dominant variable behind ice island fracture events, while ocean currents played a minor role. The developed model offers a predictive capability and could be of particular interest to offshore and marine activities.
Ikumi Oyabu, Kenji Kawamura, Tsutomu Uchida, Shuji Fujita, Kyotaro Kitamura, Motohiro Hirabayashi, Shuji Aoki, Shinji Morimoto, Takakiyo Nakazawa, Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, and Jacob D. Morgan
The Cryosphere, 15, 5529–5555, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5529-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5529-2021, 2021
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We present O2/N2 and Ar/N2 records from the Dome Fuji ice core through the bubbly ice, bubble–clathrate transition, and clathrate ice zones without gas-loss fractionation. The insolation signal is preserved through the clathrate formation. The relationship between Ar/Ν2 and Ο2/Ν2 suggests that the fractionation for the bubble–clathrate transition is mass independent, while the bubble close-off process involves a combination of mass-independent and mass-dependent fractionation for O2 and Ar.
Joey J. Voermans, Qingxiang Liu, Aleksey Marchenko, Jean Rabault, Kirill Filchuk, Ivan Ryzhov, Petra Heil, Takuji Waseda, Takehiko Nose, Tsubasa Kodaira, Jingkai Li, and Alexander V. Babanin
The Cryosphere, 15, 5557–5575, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5557-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5557-2021, 2021
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We have shown through field experiments that the amount of wave energy dissipated in landfast ice, sea ice attached to land, is much larger than in broken ice. By comparing our measurements against predictions of contemporary wave–ice interaction models, we determined which models can explain our observations and which cannot. Our results will improve our understanding of how waves and ice interact and how we can model such interactions to better forecast waves and ice in the polar regions.
Zhuang Jiang, Joel Savarino, Becky Alexander, Joseph Erbland, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, and Lei Geng
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-355,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-355, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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A record of year-round atmospheric nitrate isotopic composition along with snow nitrate isotopic data from Summit, Greenland revealed apparent enrichments in nitrogen isotopes in snow nitrate compared to atmospheric nitrate, in addition to relatively smaller degree of changes in oxygen isotopes. The results suggest that at this site post-depositional processing takes effects and which should be taken into account when interpreting ice-core nitrate isotope records.
Armin Dachauer, Richard Hann, and Andrew J. Hodson
The Cryosphere, 15, 5513–5528, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5513-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5513-2021, 2021
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This study investigated the aerodynamic roughness length (z0) – an important parameter to determine the surface roughness – of crevassed tidewater glaciers on Svalbard using drone data. The results point out that the range of z0 values across a crevassed glacier is large but in general significantly higher compared to non-crevassed glacier surfaces. The UAV approach proved to be an ideal tool to provide distributed z0 estimates of crevassed glaciers which can be used to model turbulent fluxes.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-354,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-354, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Our study presents an analysis of the uncertainty and measurement error of several manual measurement methods of the water equivalent of snow cover (SWE). Snow pit and snow sampler measurements were taken during five consecutive winters. Our results show that, although the snow pit is considered a SWE reference in the literature, it is a method with higher uncertainty and measurement error than large diameter samplers, considered according to our results as the most appropriate reference.
Jinlei Chen, Shichang Kang, Wentao Du, Junming Guo, Min Xu, Yulan Zhang, Xinyue Zhong, Wei Zhang, and Jizu Chen
The Cryosphere, 15, 5473–5482, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5473-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5473-2021, 2021
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Sea ice is retreating with rapid warming in the Arctic. It will continue and approach the worst predicted pathway released by the IPCC. The irreversible tipping point might show around 2060 when the oldest ice will have completely disappeared. It has a huge impact on human production. Ordinary merchant ships will be able to pass the Northeast Passage and Northwest Passage by the midcentury, and the opening time will advance to the next 10 years for icebreakers with moderate ice strengthening.
Jamey Stutz, Andrew Mackintosh, Kevin Norton, Ross Whitmore, Carlo Baroni, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Richard S. Jones, Greg Balco, Maria Cristina Salvatore, Stefano Casale, Jae Il Lee, Yeong Bae Seong, Robert McKay, Lauren J. Vargo, Daniel Lowry, Perry Spector, Marcus Christl, Susan Ivy Ochs, Luigia Di Nicola, Maria Iarossi, Finlay Stuart, and Tom Woodruff
The Cryosphere, 15, 5447–5471, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5447-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5447-2021, 2021
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Understanding the long-term behaviour of ice sheets is essential to projecting future changes due to climate change. In this study, we use rocks deposited along the margin of the David Glacier, one of the largest glacier systems in the world, to reveal a rapid thinning event initiated over 7000 years ago and endured for ~ 2000 years. Using physical models, we show that subglacial topography and ocean heat are important drivers for change along this sector of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Elena Zakharova, Svetlana Agafonova, Claude Duguay, Natalia Frolova, and Alexei Kouraev
The Cryosphere, 15, 5387–5407, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5387-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5387-2021, 2021
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The paper investigates the performance of altimetric satellite instruments to detect river ice onset and melting dates and to retrieve ice thickness of the Ob River. This is a first attempt to use satellite altimetry for monitoring ice in the challenging conditions restrained by the object size. A novel approach permitted elaboration of the spatiotemporal ice thickness product for the 400 km river reach. The potential of the product for prediction of ice road operation was demonstrated.
The Cryosphere, 15, 5423–5445, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5423-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5423-2021, 2021
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This companion paper deals with numerical particularities of partial differential equations underlying one-dimensional snow models. In this second part we include mechanical settling and develop a new hybrid (Eulerian–Lagrangian) method for solving the advection-dominated ice mass conservation on a moving mesh alongside Eulerian diffusion (heat and vapor) and phase changes. The scheme facilitates a modular and extendable solver strategy while retaining controls on numerical accuracy.
Joel Harper, Toby Meierbachtol, Neil Humphrey, Jun Saito, and Aidan Stansberry
The Cryosphere, 15, 5409–5421, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5409-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5409-2021, 2021
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We use surface and borehole measurements to investigate the generation and fate of basal meltwater in the ablation zone of western Greenland. The rate of basal meltwater generation at borehole study sites increases by up to 20 % over the winter period. Accommodation of all basal meltwater by expansion of isolated subglacial cavities is implausible. Other sinks for water do not likely balance basal meltwater generation, implying water evacuation through a connected drainage system in winter.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-328,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-328, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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It is a known fact that ocean waves break sea ice but no one could ever capture it with a camera. This was until we brought a drone on a research vessel to break sea ice with ship-generated waves. The resulting footage allows for an in-depth analysis of breakup. We obtain that ice fragments have a thickness-dependent preferential size. More importantly, we demonstrated that this kind of experiment represents a very convenient way for studying wave-ice interaction and improve sea ice models.
Achut Parajuli, Daniel F. Nadeau, François Anctil, and Marco Alves
The Cryosphere, 15, 5371–5386, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5371-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5371-2021, 2021
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Cold content is the energy required to attain an isothermal (0 °C) state and resulting in the snow surface melt. This study focuses on determining the multi-layer cold content (30 min time steps) relying on field measurements, snow temperature profile, and empirical formulation in four distinct forest sites of Montmorency Forest, eastern Canada. We present novel research where the effect of forest structure, local topography, and meteorological conditions on cold content variability is explored.
Fabian Fleischer, Florian Haas, Livia Piermattei, Madlene Pfeiffer, Tobias Heckmann, Moritz Altmann, Jakob Rom, Manuel Stark, Michael H. Wimmer, Norbert Pfeifer, and Michael Becht
The Cryosphere, 15, 5345–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5345-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5345-2021, 2021
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We investigate the long-term (1953–2017) morphodynamic changes in rock glaciers in Kaunertal valley, Austria. Using a combination of historical aerial photographs and laser scanning data, we derive information on flow velocities and surface elevation changes. We observe a loss of volume and an acceleration from the late 1990s onwards. We explain this by changes in the meteorological forcing. Individual rock glaciers react to these changes to varying degrees.
Jill Brouwer, Alexander D. Fraser, Damian J. Murphy, Pat Wongpan, Alberto Alberello, Alison Kohout, Chris Horvat, Simon Wotherspoon, Robert A. Massom, Jessica Cartwright, and Guy D. Williams
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-367,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-367, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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The marginal ice zone is the region where ocean waves interact with sea ice. Although this important region influences many sea ice, ocean and biological processes, it has been difficult to accurately measure on a large scale from satellite instruments. We present new techniques for measuring the marginal ice zone extent using the NASA ICESat-2 laser altimeter. By measuring how waves attenuate within the sea ice, we show that the marginal ice zone may be far wider than previously realised.
The Cryosphere, 15, 5323–5344, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5323-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5323-2021, 2021
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This study shows an elevation difference between the radar interferometric measurements and the optical measurements from a coordinated campaign over the snow-covered deformed sea ice in the western Weddell Sea, Antarctica. The objective is to correct the penetration bias of microwaves and to generate a precise sea ice topographic map, including the snow depth on top. Excellent performance for sea ice topographic retrieval is achieved with the proposed model and the developed retrieval scheme.
The Cryosphere, 15, 5309–5322, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5309-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5309-2021, 2021
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Surface meltwater lakes have been observed on several Antarctic ice shelves in field studies and optical images. Meltwater lakes can drain and refreeze, increasing the fragility of the ice shelves. The combination of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter and interferometric information (InSAR) can provide the cryosphere community with the possibility to continuously assess the dynamics of the meltwater lakes, potentially helping to facilitate the study of ice shelves in a changing climate.
Jing Tao, Qing Zhu, William J. Riley, and Rebecca B. Neumann
The Cryosphere, 15, 5281–5307, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5281-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5281-2021, 2021
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We improved the DOE's E3SM land model (ELMv1-ECA) simulations of soil temperature, zero-curtain period durations, cold-season CH4, and CO2 emissions at several Alaskan Arctic tundra sites. We demonstrated that simulated CH4 emissions during zero-curtain periods accounted for more than 50 % of total emissions throughout the entire cold season (Sep to May). We also found that cold-season CO2 emissions largely offset warm-season net uptake currently and showed increasing trends from 1950 to 2017.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-319,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-319, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Snow cover or snow albedo plays a vital role in the atmosphere and land surface interaction. Especially, direct observation of snow is difficult and scarce. That's why a reliable Land Surface Model (LSM), including snow physical processes, is significant. In this study, we tried to give meaningful insights for improving the LSM in the future by identifying the main variables or parameters used and examining the different formulas for snow-related processes of the eight LSMs.
Tomotaka Saruya, Shuji Fujita, Yoshinori Iizuka, Atsushi Miyamoto, Hiroshi Ohno, Akira Hori, Wataru Shigeyama, Motohiro Hirabayashi, and Kumiko Goto-Azuma
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-336,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-336, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Crystal orientation fabrics (COF) of the Dome Fuji ice core was investigated with an innovative method with unprecedentedly high statistical significance and dense depth coverage. COF profile and its fluctuation were found to be highly dependent on concentration of chloride ion and dust. The data suggest deformation of ice at the deepest zone will be highly influenced by COF fluctuations that progressively develop from the near-surface firn toward the deepest zone within ice sheets.
Angelika Humbert, Julia Christmann, Hugh F. J. Corr, Veit Helm, Lea-Sophie Höyns, Coen Hofstede, Ralf Müller, Niklas Neckel, Keith W. Nicholls, Timm Schultz, Daniel Steinhage, Michael Wolovick, and Ole Zeising
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-350,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-350, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Ice shelves are normally flat structures that fringe the Antarctic continent. At some locations they have channels incised into their underside. On Filchner Ice Shelf, such a channel is more than 50 km long and up to 330 m high. We conducted field measurements of basal melt rates and found a maximum of 2.3 m a−1. Simulations represent the geometry evolution of the channel reasonably well. There is no reason to assume that this type of melt channel is destabilizing ice shelves.
Haoran Kang, Liyun Zhao, Michael Wolovick, and John C. Moore
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-357,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-357, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Basal thermal conditions are important to ice dynamics, and sensitive to geothermal heat flux (GHF). We estimate basal thermal conditions of the Lambert-Amery glacier system with six GHFs. The two most-recent GHFs inverted from aerial geomagnetic observations produce a larger warm-based area, and match the observed subglacial lakes better than the other GHFs. The modelled basal melt rate is ten to hundreds of mm per year in fast flowing glaciers feeding Amery ice shelf, and smaller inland.
Edward Hamilton Bair, Jeff Dozier, Charles Stern, Adam LeWinter, Karl Rittger, Alexandria Savagian, Timbo Stillinger, and Robert Davis
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-361,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-361, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Understanding how snow & ice reflect solar radiation (albedo) is important for global climate. Using high-resolution topography, darkening from surface roughness (apparent albedo) is separated from darkening by the composition of the snow (intrinsic albedo). Intrinsic albedo is usually greater than apparent albedo, especially during melt. Such high resolution topography is often not available, thus use of a shade component when modeling mixtures is advised.
Kees Nederhoff, Li Erikson, Anita Engelstad, Peter Bieniek, and Jeremy Kasper
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-343,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-343, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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Diminishing sea ice is impacting waves across the Arctic region. Recent work shows the effect of the sea ice on offshore waves, however, effects within the nearshore are less known. This study characterizes the wave climate in the central Beaufort Sea coast of Alaska. We show that the reduction of sea ice correlates strongly with increases in the average and extreme waves. However, found trends deviate from offshore since part of the increase in energy is dissipated before reaching the shore.
Birgit Wessel, Martin Huber, Christian Wohlfart, Adina Bertram, Nicole Osterkamp, Ursula Marschalk, Astrid Gruber, Felix Reuß, Sahra Abdullahi, Isabel Georg, and Achim Roth
The Cryosphere, 15, 5241–5260, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5241-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5241-2021, 2021
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We present a new digital elevation model (DEM) of Antarctica derived from the TanDEM-X DEM, with new interferometric radar acquisitions incorporated and edited elevations, especially at the coast. A strength of this DEM is its homogeneity and completeness. Extensive validation work shows a vertical accuracy of just -0.3 m ± 2.5 m standard deviation on blue ice surfaces compared to ICESat laser altimeter heights. The new TanDEM-X PolarDEM 90 m of Antarctica is freely available.
The Cryosphere, 15, 5261–5280, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5261-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5261-2021, 2021
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We examined the spatiotemporal distribution of stored water in the seasonal snowpack over High Mountain Asia, based on a new snow reanalysis dataset. The dataset was derived utilizing satellite-observed snow information, which spans across 18 water years, at a high spatial (~ 500 m) and temporal (daily) resolution. Snow mass and snow storage distribution over space and time are analyzed in this paper, which brings new insights into understanding the snowpack variability over this region.
Anton Jitnikovitch, Philip Marsh, Branden Walker, and Darin Desilets
The Cryosphere, 15, 5227–5239, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5227-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5227-2021, 2021
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Conventional methods used to measure snow have many limitations which hinder our ability to document annual cycles, test predictive models, or analyze the impact of climate change. A modern snow measurement method using in situ cosmic ray neutron sensors demonstrates the capability of continuously measuring spatially variable snowpacks with considerable accuracy. These sensors can provide important data for testing models, validating remote sensing, and water resource management applications.
Mariel C. Dirscherl, Andreas J. Dietz, and Claudia Kuenzer
The Cryosphere, 15, 5205–5226, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5205-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5205-2021, 2021
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We provide novel insight into the temporal evolution of supraglacial lakes across six major Antarctic ice shelves in 2015–2021. For Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves, we observe extensive meltwater ponding during the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 summers. Over East Antarctica, lakes were widespread during 2016–2019 and at a minimum in 2020–2021. We investigate environmental controls, revealing lake ponding to be coupled to atmospheric modes, the near-surface climate and the local glaciological setting.
Romilly Harris Stuart, Anne-Katrine Faber, Sonja Wahl, Maria Hörhold, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Kristian Vasskog, Melanie Behrens, Alexandra Zuhr, and Hans Christian Steen-Larsen
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-344,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-344, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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This empirical study uses continuous daily measurements from the Greenland Ice Sheet to document changes in surface snow properties. Consistent changes in snow isotopic composition are observed in the absence of deposition due to surface processes, indicating the isotopic signal of deposited precipitation is not always preserved. Our observations have potential implications for the interpretation of water isotopes in ice cores – historically assumed to reflect isotopic composition at deposition.
Alexander O. Hager, Matthew J. Hoffman, Stephen F. Price, and Dustin M. Schroeder
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-338,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-338, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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The presence of water beneath glaciers is a control on glacier speed and ocean-caused melting, yet it has been unclear whether sizeable volumes of water can exist beneath Antarctic glaciers, or how this water may flow along the glacier bed. We use computer simulations, supported by observations, to show that enough water exists at the base of Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica, to form "rivers" beneath the glacier. These rivers likely moderate glacier speed and may influence its rate of retreat.
Agathe Serripierri, Ludovic Moreau, Pierre Boue, Jérôme Weiss, and Philippe Roux
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-340,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-340, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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As a result of global warming, the sea ice is disappearing at a much faster rate than predicted by climate models. To better understand and predict its ongoing decline, we deployed 247 geophones on the fast ice in Van Mijen Fjord in Svalbard, Norway, in March 2019. The analysis of these data provided a precise daily evolution of the sea ice parameters at this location with high spatial and temporal resolution and accuracy. The results obtained are consistent with the observations made in situ.
Eveline C. van der Linden, Dewi Le Bars, Erwin Lambert, and Sybren Drijfhout
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-348,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-348, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest source of uncertainty in sea level projections on centennial timescales. The Antarctic ice sheet mainly loses mass through ice discharge; the transfer of land ice into the ocean. Ice discharge is triggered by warming ocean water (basal melt). In this study, new projections of Antarctic ice discharge are presented that are made consistent with observations. This results in lower projections of the Antarctic sea level contribution than in previous studies.
Karen E. Alley, Christian T. Wild, Adrian Luckman, Ted A. Scambos, Martin Truffer, Erin C. Pettit, Atsuhiro Muto, Bruce Wallin, Marin Klinger, Tyler Sutterley, Sarah F. Child, Cyrus Hulen, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, Michelle Maclennan, Eric Keenan, and Devon Dunmire
The Cryosphere, 15, 5187–5203, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5187-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5187-2021, 2021
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We present a 20-year, satellite-based record of velocity and thickness change on the Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf (TEIS), the largest remaining floating extension of Thwaites Glacier (TG). TG holds the single greatest control on sea-level rise over the next few centuries, so it is important to understand changes on the TEIS, which controls much of TG's flow into the ocean. Our results suggest that the TEIS is progressively destabilizing and is likely to disintegrate over the next few decades.
Alexis Neven, Valentin Dall'Alba, Przemysław Juda, Julien Straubhaar, and Philippe Renard
The Cryosphere, 15, 5169–5186, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5169-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5169-2021, 2021
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We present and compare different geostatistical methods for underglacial bedrock interpolation. Variogram-based interpolations are compared with a multipoint statistics approach on both test cases and real glaciers. Using the modeled bedrock, the ice volume for the Scex Rouge and Tsanfleuron glaciers (Swiss Alps) was estimated to be 113.9 ± 1.6 million cubic meters. Complex karstic geomorphological features are reproduced and can be used to improve the precision of underglacial flow estimation.
Lingxiao Wang, Lin Zhao, Huayun Zhou, Shibo Liu, Erji Du, Defu Zou, Guangyue Liu, Yao Xiao, Guojie Hu, Chong Wang, Zhe Sun, Zhibin Li, Yongping Qiao, Tonghua Wu, Chengye Li, and Xubing Li
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-335,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-335, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Serling Co lake had the greatest increase in water storage recently among all the lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. This study made the first attempt to quantify the water contribution of ground ice melting to the expansion of this lake by evaluating the ground surface deformation since terrain surface settlement provides a “window” to detect the subsurface ground ice melting. Results show that the water contribution ratio could reach 10 % during 2017–2020.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-351,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-351, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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In this study we explore a method of examining model differences in ice volume by looking at the seasonal ice growth and melt. We use simple physical relationships to judge how model differences in key variables affect ice growth/melt, and apply these to three case study models with ice volume ranging from very thin to very thick. Results suggest that differences in snow and meltpond cover in early summer are most important in causing the sea ice differences for these models.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-353,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-353, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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We validate the standalone CICE sea ice model for application in the seasonal forecast, before it is used in the coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice model. We found the model did a better job in forecasting Arctic sea ice extent in the warm season than in the cold season at the seasonal time scale. A higher forecast skill is achieved when the model is initialized with ice thickness from satellite observations, indicating the importance of the ice thickness initialization.
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Stéphanie Coulombe, Daniel Fortier, Frédéric Bouchard, Michel Paquette, Denis Lacelle, and Isabelle Laurion
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-302,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-302, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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Buried glacier ice is widespread in Arctic regions that were once covered by glaciers and ice sheets. In this study, we investigated the influence of buried glacier ice on the formation of Arctic tundra lakes on Bylot Island, Nunavut. Our results suggest that initiation of deeper lakes was triggered by the melting of buried glacier ice. Given future climate projections, the melting of glacier ice permafrost could create new aquatic ecosystems and strongly modify existing ones.
Caroline C. Clason, Will H. Blake, Nick Selmes, Alex Taylor, Pascal Boeckx, Jessica Kitch, Stephanie C. Mills, Giovanni Baccolo, and Geoffrey E. Millward
The Cryosphere, 15, 5151–5168, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5151-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5151-2021, 2021
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Our paper presents results of sample collection and subsequent geochemical analyses from the glaciated Isfallsglaciären catchment in Arctic Sweden. The data suggest that material found on the surface of glaciers, cryoconite, is very efficient at accumulating products of nuclear fallout transported in the atmosphere following events such as the Chernobyl disaster. We investigate how this compares with samples in the downstream environment and consider potential environmental implications.
Christophe Ogier, Mauro A. Werder, Matthias Huss, Isabelle Kull, David Hodel, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 15, 5133–5150, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5133-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5133-2021, 2021
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Glacier-dammed lakes are prone to draining rapidly when the ice dam breaks and constitute a serious threat to populations downstream. Such a lake drainage can proceed through an open-air channel at the glacier surface. In this study, we present what we believe to be the most complete dataset to date of an ice-dammed lake drainage through such an open-air channel. We provide new insights for future glacier-dammed lake drainage modelling studies and hazard assessments.
Katrina E. Bennett, Greta Miller, Robert Busey, Min Chen, Emma R. Lathrop, Julian B. Dann, Mara Nutt, Ryan Crumley, Baptiste Dafflon, Jitendra Kumar, W. Robert Bolton, and Cathy J. Wilson
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-341,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-341, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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In the Arctic, climate shifts are changing ecosystems, resulting in alterations in snow, shrubs, and permafrost. Thicker snow under shrubs can lead to warmer permafrost because a deeper snow will insulate the ground from the cold winter. In this paper, we examine how snow distribution is changing and leading to deeper snow, thawing permafrost, and changing Arctic landscapes. Eventually, this work will be used to improve models of the earth used to study future changes in Arctic snow patterns.
Wenfeng Huang, Wen Zhao, Cheng Zhang, Matti Leppäranta, Zhijun Li, Rui Li, and Zhanjun Lin
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-349,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-349, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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Thermal regimes of seasonally ice-covered lakes in arid region like the Central Asia are not well constrained despite its unique climate. We observed annual and seasonal dynamics of thermal stratification and energetics in a shallow arid-region lake. Strong penetrated solar radiation and high water-to-ice heat flux are the predominant components in water heat balance. The under-ice stratification/convection regime is jointly governed by the radiative penetration and salt rejection of freezing.
The Cryosphere, 15, 5115–5132, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5115-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5115-2021, 2021
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The ICESat-2 laser altimeter can detect the surface and bottom of a supraglacial lake. We introduce the Watta algorithm, automatically calculating lake surface, corrected bottom, and (sub-)surface ice at high resolution adapting to signal strength. ICESat-2 depths constrain full lake depths of 46 lakes over Jakobshavn glacier using multiple sources of imagery, including very high-resolution Planet imagery, used for the first time to extract supraglacial lake depths empirically using ICESat-2.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-345,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-345, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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A glacier can speed up when surface water reaches the glacier's bottom via crevasses and reduces sliding friction. This paper builds up a physical model and finds that thick and fast-flowing glaciers are sensitive to this friction disruption. The data from Greenland and Austfonna (Svalbard) glaciers over 20 years support the model prediction. These sensitive glaciers should be frequently monitored for potential future instabilities to estimate the projected sea-level rise better.
Rachel Diamond, Louise C. Sime, David Schroeder, and Maria-Vittoria Guarino
The Cryosphere, 15, 5099–5114, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5099-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5099-2021, 2021
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The Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3 (HadGEM3) is the first coupled climate model to simulate an ice-free summer Arctic during the Last Interglacial (LIG), 127 000 years ago, and yields accurate Arctic surface temperatures. We investigate the causes and impacts of this extreme simulated ice loss and, in particular, the role of melt ponds.
Graig Sutherland, Victor Aguiar, Lars-Robert Hole, Jean Rabault, Mohammed Dabboor, and Øyvind Breivik
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-289,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-289, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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The marginal ice zone (MIZ), which is the transition region between the open ocean and the dense pack ice, is a very dynamic region which can be difficult to predict and where emergency responses, such as search and rescue as well as marine pollutants, are likely to occur. Using novel drifters deployed in the MIZ, a general transport equation is developed that can be used with current state-of-the-art operational prediction systems to reduce the bias in the mean drift prediction.
Chuanxi Zhao, Wei Yang, Matthew Westoby, Baosheng An, Guangjian Wu, Weicai Wang, Zhongyan Wang, Yongjie Wang, and Stuart Dunning
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-306,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-306, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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On 22 March 2021, a ~50 million m3 ice-rock avalanche occurred from 6500 m asl in the Sedongpu basin, southeastern Tibet. It caused temporary blockage of the Yarlung Tsangpo river, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra. We utilise field investigations, high-resolution satellite imagery, seismic records, and meteorological data to analyse the evolution of the 2021 event and its impact, discuss potential drivers, and briefly reflect on implications for the sustainable development of the region.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-326,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-326, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 3 comments)
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We examine changes in the dates of ice breakups in three Finnish rivers since the 1600s. Our analyses show that ice breakups nowadays occur earlier in spring than in previous centuries. The changes are pronounced in the two southern rivers, both of which experienced years without a complete ice cover in the 21st century. These events occurred during exceptionally warm winters and show that climate change affects river-ice in southern Finland differently than in the north.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-333,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-333, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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A prominent part of the polar climate system is sea ice, a better understanding of which would lead to better understanding Earth's climate. Newly published methods for observing the temperature of sea ice have made possible a new method for estimating daily sea ice thickness from space using an energy balance. The method compares well with existing sea ice thickness observations. A historical record of sea ice thickness based on this method may lead to new insights into our changing climate.
Jingyu Kang, Yang Lu, Yan Li, Zizhan Zhang, and Hongling Shi
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-278,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-278, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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Antarctic basal water storage variations (BWSV) effect basal effective pressure and produces changing ice velocity, yet it is rarely accessible to direct observation. We estimated the BWSV by using multisource satellite data. Result revealed BWSV is increasing with the rate of 43 ± 13 Gt/yr. Basal water in most active subglacial lakes is increasing, despite water discharging occur frequently. Fierce basal water increases are often accompanied with massive rapid and accelerated ice flows.
Alain Royer, Alexandre Roy, Sylvain Jutras, and Alexandre Langlois
The Cryosphere, 15, 5079–5098, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5079-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5079-2021, 2021
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Dense spatially distributed networks of autonomous instruments for continuously measuring the amount of snow on the ground are needed for operational water resource and flood management and the monitoring of northern climate change. Four new-generation non-invasive sensors are compared. A review of their advantages, drawbacks and accuracy is discussed. This performance analysis is intended to help researchers and decision-makers choose the one system that is best suited to their needs.
Alexander D. Fraser, Robert A. Massom, Mark S. Handcock, Phillip Reid, Kay I. Ohshima, Marilyn N. Raphael, Jessica Cartwright, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Zhaohui Wang, and Richard Porter-Smith
The Cryosphere, 15, 5061–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5061-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5061-2021, 2021
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Landfast ice is sea ice that remains stationary by attaching to Antarctica's coastline and grounded icebergs. Although a variable feature, landfast ice exerts influence on key coastal processes involving pack ice, the ice sheet, ocean, and atmosphere and is of ecological importance. We present a first analysis of change in landfast ice over an 18-year period and quantify trends (−0.19 ± 0.18 % yr−1). This analysis forms a reference of landfast-ice extent and variability for use in other studies.
Edoardo Raparelli, Paolo Tuccella, Valentina Colaiuda, and Frank Silvio Marzano
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-285,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-285, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 0 comments)
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We evaluate the skills of a single-layer (Noah) and a multi-layer (Alpine3D) snow cover model, forced with a weather model (WRF), to reproduce snow height and extent over Italian Central Apennines. Noah shows a lower bias compared to Alpine3D in predicting snow height and snow height variation. Nevertheless, Noah shows slightly betters skills in the estimation of the snow cover extent. Furthermore we show that snow settlement is mainly driven by melting in Noah and by compaction in Alpine3D.
Johannes Marian Landmann, Hans Rudolf Künsch, Matthias Huss, Christophe Ogier, Markus Kalisch, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 15, 5017–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5017-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5017-2021, 2021
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In this study, we (1) acquire real-time information on point glacier mass balance with autonomous real-time cameras and (2) assimilate these observations into a mass balance model ensemble driven by meteorological input. For doing so, we use a customized particle filter that we designed for the specific purposes of our study. We find melt rates of up to 0.12 m water equivalent per day and show that our assimilation method has a higher performance than reference mass balance models.
Melanie Marochov, Chris R. Stokes, and Patrice E. Carbonneau
The Cryosphere, 15, 5041–5059, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5041-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5041-2021, 2021
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Research into the use of deep learning for pixel-level classification of landscapes containing marine-terminating glaciers is lacking. We adapt a novel and transferable deep learning workflow to classify satellite imagery containing marine-terminating outlet glaciers in Greenland. Our workflow achieves high accuracy and mimics human visual performance, potentially providing a useful tool to monitor glacier change and further understand the impacts of climate change in complex glacial settings.
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-273,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-273, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 1 comment)
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In some shallow seas, grounded ice ridges contribute to stabilizing and maintaining a landfast ice cover. A scheme has already proposed where the keel thickness varies linearly with the mean thickness. Here, we extend the approach by taking into account the ice thickness and bathymetry distributions. The probabilistic approach shows a reasonably good agreement with observations and previous grounding scheme while potentially offering more physical insights in the formation of landfast ice.
Lennert Bastiaan Stap, Constantijn J. Berends, Meike D. W. Scherrenberg, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, and Edward G. W. Gasson
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-309,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-309, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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To gain understanding of how the Antarctic ice sheet responded to CO2 changes during warm climate conditions, we simulate its variability during the Miocene. We include feedbacks between the ice sheet and atmosphere in our model and find that these reduce the amplitude of ice volume variations. Erosion-induced changes of the bedrock below the ice sheet also have a damping effect. In contrast, land-based ice grows thicker when floating ice shelves are formed, amplifying ice volume variability.
Benjamin Joseph Davison, Tom Cowton, Andrew Sole, Finlo Cottier, and Pete Nienow
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-323,https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-323, 2021
Preprint under review for TC(discussion: open, 2 comments)
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The ocean is an important driver of Greenland glacier retreat. Icebergs influence ocean temperature in the vicinity of glaciers, which will affect glacier retreat rates, but the effect of icebergs on water temperature is poorly understood. In this study, we use a model to show that icebergs cause large changes to water properties next to Greenland's glaciers, which could influence ocean-driven glacier retreat around Greenland.